The Role of Banyan in Rajasthan’s Biodiversity: With Reference to Birds

Rajasthan is often seen as a desert and dryland state, but ecologically it is highly diverse. Its ponds, riverbanks, grazing lands, agricultural edges, Aravalli hills, and rural tree communities provide shelter for many kinds of life. Within this ecological structure, some trees are not just part of the vegetation; they act as foundation species for wider biodiversity. The banyan (Ficus benghalensis) is one such tree, widely understood in ecology as a keystone species.

Keystone species are those whose presence directly or indirectly supports many other organisms. In a hot and water-stressed region like Rajasthan, the importance of the banyan increases because it provides food, shelter, resting space, and microhabitats across the year.

Structure and Micro-Ecology of the Banyan

The banyan is a large evergreen tree with branches that spread widely in all directions. Aerial roots descend from these branches and, after reaching the ground, form additional trunks. Over time, a single tree can take the shape of a small grove with many trunks. This structure makes the banyan a more complex and richer micro-ecosystem than many other trees.

Its dense branches and broad canopy create many layers of habitat. Raptors perch on the upper branches, fruit-eating and insect-eating birds remain active in the middle canopy, and small insects, spiders, and reptiles find shelter among the roots and trunks. Moss, lichens, and microbial communities develop on the bark, forming another food base for insects and birds.

Banyan leaves are thick, fleshy, and leathery, allowing the tree to remain green even under extreme heat and limited water. During Rajasthan’s summers, when many trees are shedding leaves, banyan trees often retain greenery and produce fruit. This makes them especially important refuges for birds and other life in the hot season.

Fruiting and Food Value for Birds

Banyan figs are small but ecologically important. They occur in pairs and turn red when ripe. In Rajasthan, the main fruiting period is usually observed during April-June and October-November. April-June is an especially hot and dry period, when natural food sources can become limited. At such times, the banyan provides energy and nutrition to many birds.

For birds, trees in the genus Ficus are often treated as year-round resource species because different individuals can fruit at different times of the year. This helps birds and other animals find a continuing food supply. In Rajasthan, banyan fruits are an important food source for many frugivorous birds.

Microclimate and Thermal Refuge

During April to June, summer temperatures in Rajasthan can rise above 45°C. In this environment, large trees such as banyans function as thermal refuges. Their dense shade reduces local temperature and helps retain humidity.

It is commonly observed that the temperature below large tree shade can be several degrees lower than in open areas. This makes it easier for birds and other animals to rest, move, and search for food. For this reason, bird activity in summer is often seen in and around such trees.

Ecological Observations of Birds Using Banyan Trees

Evidence linked

Cinereous Tit

Parus cinereus

April-June

Observed searching for insects among the fruits

Evidence linked

Indian Paradise Flycatcher

Terpsiphone paradisi

April-June

Searching for insects below the tree

Evidence linked

Indian Cuckooshrike

Coracina macei

May-June

Searching for insects on upper branches and around fruits

Evidence linked

Tickell's Blue Flycatcher

Cyornis tickelliae

April-June

Observed perching on branches and catching insects

Evidence linked

Yellow-footed Green Pigeon

Treron phoenicoptera

Year-round

Feeding on banyan fruits; important for seed dispersal

Evidence linked

Tawny-bellied Babbler

Dumetia hyperythra

April-June

Active among branches, aerial roots, and fruits; searching for small insects

Evidence linked

Indian White-eye

Zosterops palpebrosus

April-June

Small groups searching for insects among fruits

Field observation

White-browed Fantail

Rhipidura aureola

April-June

Catching insects; active in lower branches

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Evidence linked

Indian Grey Hornbill

Ocyceros birostris

Year-round

Observed eating fruits and insects; active in pairs or small groups on high branches

Evidence linked

Indian Pied Starling

Gracupica contra

April-June

Foraging in groups around the tree; feeding on insects and fruits

Evidence linked

Asian Koel

Eudynamys scolopaceus

Year-round

Active inside the tree; feeding on fruits

Evidence linked

Rose-ringed Parakeet

Psittacula krameri

Year-round

Flying in groups and feeding on fruits, seeds, and soft buds

Evidence linked

Yellow-crowned Woodpecker

Leiopicus mahrattensis

April-June

Pecking bark to find insects; active on trunks and branches

Evidence linked

Crested Bunting

Melophus lathami

April-June

Searching below the tree for seeds and small insects

Evidence linked

Tree Pipit

Anthus trivialis

April-June

Searching for insects on the ground below the tree

Evidence linked

Spotted Owlet

Athene brama

April-June

Resting in cavities and branches